The island of Martinique was first charted by Columbus in 1493 but it was not until his fourth voyage in 1502 that Columbus first landed on the island.  The Spaniards never settled or colonized Martinique and in 1635 it became the first French colony in the Caribbean when a group of Frenchmen from Saint Cristopher led by Pierre Bélain d'Esnambuc arrived here settling in the region later known as Saint-Pierre.

In 1654 a group of about two hundred fifty Dutch Jewish driven out of Brazil landed on Martinique and introduced sugarcane to the island.  The arrival of the expelled Dutch planters on Martinique dramatically changed the economy with the establishmnet of sugar plantations throughout the island thus creating a great demand for labor. Unlike tobacco which depended a great deal on indentured labor and up to that moment was the main crop on the island, sugar required a great amount of labor for which the indentured system was completely inadequate.  This demand was settled by importing captive Africans in large numbers to work the plantations.

As it happened in most islands of the West Indies, plantation owners rapidly substituted tobacco and cotton for sugar as their primary crops.  The result was that a colony that had once struggled, in a short period of time began generating enormous wealth.  Dominican missionary Jean Baptiste Labat, better known as Père Labat, left Paris and arrived in Martinique where he owned a plantation called Fonds-Saint-Jacques.  He modernized and developed the industry in Martinique with new sugar mill designs and operational methods.  He developed a new process of distilling the juice extracted from sugarcane and producing rum today known as type Père Labat.  

Since the early 1900s to this day, Rhum Père Labat is distilled on the island of Marie-Galante.  As a Rhum Agricole, it is produced from fresh-pressed sugarcane juice rather than molasses.  The distillery is the oldest on the island of Marie-Galante and houses one of of the oldest stills in the Caribbean.

Throughout the years Martinique came under British and French rule until 1814 when it was definitively restored to France.  In 1946 Martinique changed from being a colony and became a French départment et régions d'outre-mer and in 1974 was made a Région.  In 1992 Martinique became one of the nine Outermost Regions of the European Union.  French funding to Martinique has made the island's standards of living one of the highest in the Caribbean.  However, when measured by what Martinique actually produces, it is one of the poorer islands in the region.

According to the Martinique Ministry of Rum, during the second half of the 19th Century, there were twenty one sugar factories operating in Martinique.  After the damage caused by Hurricane San Magín in 1891, a big drought in 1894-95 and the destruction of the town of Saint-Pierre by the eruption of Mount Peleé on May 8, 1902, only a third of the twenty one sugar factories were in operation by the time WWI broke in 1914.

Today Sucrerie Le Gallion is the only sugar producing unit in Martinique.  ​Saint James Rhum made in Martinique since 1765 is said to be the third oldest spirit in the world behind Appleton of Jamaica and Mount Gay in Barbados.  Saint James Rum was acquired by the Rémy Cointreau Group in 1973 but sold to La Martiniquaise in 2003 who still owns the brand.  Saint James Rhum has received the distinction of being a Rhum Agricole.  Since 1996 rhum produced by Saint James Distillery receives the appelation d'origine contrôlée Martinique Agricultural Rum.